Messages of George Orwells Animal Farm Essay - 1412 Words

Messages of George Orwells Animal Farm Though Animal Farm can be considered nothing more than a charming animal fable depicting a doomed rebellion, its origin is actually of a more serious and political nature. It is not only the tale of Napoleon and Animal Farm, but a satire and commentary on that of the Russian Revolution, Stalin and Communism. For a person to gain a true understanding of Orwells meaning in Animal Farm, it is best that he or she has an understanding of the political parties and history surrounding Communism, Stalin, and the upheaval and fear that followed Stalins rise to power. Orwell did not write Animal Farm simply as a bed time story for children, or for a work to be studied by students in their classes. As†¦show more content†¦Orwell uses all of this in Animal Farm. The different characters represent different people in his novel. Major, the old boar, represents Lenin and the Marxist ideals, whereas Napoleon and Snowball are the Stalin and Trotsky of the book. The other groups of non-Communists found their way into Orwells story by way of Pilkington and Frederick, the human neighbors to Animal Farm, whereas the paranoia that Stalin felt is shown in Napoleon by his use of the adult dogs he had raised from pups (a parallel to Stalins Secret Police) to kill any rebels after the putting on of animal show trials. This is shown in Animal Farm: The four pigs waited, trembling, with guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion †¦ When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess. The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attemptedShow MoreRelatedOrwells Comparing Animal Farm and The Russian System Of Communism971 Words   |  4 PagesOrwells Comparing Animal Farm and The Russian System Of Communism Animal Farm is a satire and prophecy of the Russian revolution, which was written by George Orwell in 1945. George Orwell was a political satirist who led a somewhat strange life. His original name was Eric Arthur Blair, which was later changed to his familiar pen name for its manly, English, country-sounding ring. He was a lonely boy and had many uncertain jobs until he finally became a writer, crossing Read MoreThe Works of George Orwell1347 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell How did George Orwell, an author who died over 50 years ago, suddenly rocket to the top of the best sellers list? George Orwell was able to show peoples all over the world about dangers that not only pertained to people of his time period but to multitudes of future generations. He used his literary knowledge to write books that were incredible influential in both their literary skill and the message they portrayed. George Orwell greatly influenced British society through his literaryRead MoreAnimal Farm Literary Analysis710 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell, a writer of many novels and other literature, one of his most known is Animal Farm.This book is where Orwell’s political style as well as other techniques he used in his writing were used most. Animal Farm is about farm animals who are being neglected by their owner, and they decides to overthrow him and take control of their farm. However, that is only the the outer layer of the story, looking under the surface, this is an allegory detailing the Russian Revolution. The author wroteRead MoreEducation In Animal Farm, By George Orwell1537 Words   |  7 Pagesoften use this gear to dominate and oppress society. 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Apprehension is due to both fictional and realistic threats, twisted for the government’s power-hungry use. Feelings ofRead MoreThe Use of Distortion as a Literary Device in George Orwells Animal Farm580 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Farm, by George Orwell, is an excellent example of distortion as a literary device. The story is set up as a fable using a third person objective viewpoint and personification of animals to represent historical figures and stereotypes. Distortion can also be found in much of the symbolism throughout the novel. Similar to a fable, Animal Farm makes use of personification. In the story, farm animals are used to represent different classes of people, from the average working man to governmentRead MoreEssay about Animal Farm: The World and the Words 1041 Words   |  5 Pages Animal Farm is a masterfully written cynical exploration into the abuse of power through language.c George Orwells book provides a theory of power structures, equality and the very nature of human character. As a short, ten-chaptered essay, this book has made its mark on the communist and authoritarian societies with the cutting morals and the phrase â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others† In the beginning, Mr. Jones is an antagonistic study into Czar Nicholas IIRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell And Animal Farm Essay2095 Words   |  9 PagesSharon Pittman HUM 314 13 December 2016 George Orwell and Animal Farm: The Provocative Written Word in Political Protest INTRODUCTION AND THESIS Many writers, artists, novelists, journalists, and the sort seek to bring awareness to political and cultural issues through their work. It is not often, though, that their work attains such critically acclaimed status and subsequently creates a platform by which people are moved to respond to the writing’s purpose. George Orwell, however, had a knack for thisRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1392 Words   |  6 Pages George Orwell Never Misuses Words In what was a vastly controversial novel published in 1945, George Orwell’s Animal Farm describes the horrific brand of communism in the Soviet Union and the conscious blindness that most of the West accepted at that time. Although Orwell labeled Animal Farm as a fairy tale, this historically parallel novel branches into the genres of political satire, fable, and allegory as well. What made Animal Farm so controversial among the â€Å"British socialists† and WesternRead MorePolitics And Language In Animal Farm, By George Orwell720 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell was a political writer who made it his life’s goal to expose the injustices he saw in the world. He does this through the many novels and essays he writes. 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Critique and Analysis of Baumann’s Article Free Essays

Within this evaluation, a critical reflection will be made based on the causes of libations and to what extent the social effects of globalization provoke ‘moral outcry, based on Bandsman’s 2001 â€Å"Ann-Globs† article. From which, Bandsman’s key points will be analyses and critiqued. The term globalization applies to a set of processes that appear to transform our present social condition of conventional nationality into one of globosity and reliability (Stager, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Critique and Analysis of Baumann’s Article or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within the idea of reliability, the revolution in â€Å"consumer tastes and unabated construction of global electronic highways, all Increase the inter-dependence and Inter-connections of action economies across the globe† (Dole Lowe, 2005, p. 4). Guldens 1 990 agrees and goes on to state that globalization is the â€Å"Intensification of world wide social relations, which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa† (p. 64). These links can relate to the ideas of increased mobility (Robins, 2000) or flows (Beck, 2000) across national borders, of products, services, Information, communication, people and ideas (Parsons and Macmillan, 2009). Whilst Levity (1983) adds to this by claiming that due to these links. globalization Is characterized by the standardization of product or services across all markets, leaving some regions developing this standardization more rapidly than others, whilst also being the most cost effective mode of competing in these global markets. As these markets become more standardized, an increase in competitive pressure and the need to survive in the economy becomes much more apparent. Therefore it could be said that globalization is about shifting forms of unman contact, this affirmation thus implies three assertions: first, that we are slowly leaving behind the condition of modern nationality that gradually unfolded from the 18th century onwards; second, that we are moving towards the new condition of postmodern globosity; and, third, that we have not yet reached it. Globalization therefore suggests a notion of ‘development’ and ‘unfolding (Stager, 2013). Such unfolding may occur quickly or slowly, but it always corresponds to the idea of change, and therefore, denotes transformation. Globalization can also be thought of s the emergence of competitive yet worldwide Interconnectedness, by the ways of flow and exchange of capital, labor and technology throughout global borders. From this, drivers of globalization appear. Drivers such as the advances in technology, the removal of political and economic barriers and the free movement of capital allow global markets to progress. Therefore, allowing such markets to become more diverse. Consequently meaning that people now have greater access to capital, technology and have less restrictive political and economic barriers. For example, due information can be created because of the innovative use of resources that are used to endorse new products and ideas across borders, regardless of geographic location. How to cite Critique and Analysis of Baumann’s Article, Papers

Fortescue Metal Group for Market Position - A Case Study

Question: Describe about the Fortescue Metal Group for Market Position. Answer: Introduction In this case study Fortescue Metal Group, an iron ore company and its position in the market is analyzed. The case study begins with the informational background of the company, its nature of business and its competitive analysis. The mission and vision statement of the company is developed considering its goals and values. the framework of the company is analyzed on the basis of five force model by Porter and what are the competitive factors for the company. Analysis of companys capabilities and resources is done to evaluate it strength and weakness. SWOT analysis of the company is done and potential threat remedies are suggested. Introduction of the company Fortescue Metal Group is amongst the largest iron ore producer in the world. The company focuses on extension of iron ore. It laid its foundation in the year 2003 in Western Australia. Since its inception it has invented and fabricated some of the colossal mines in the world. Chichester Hub and Solomon Hub are the main areas where the company operates its mining activities. The company is also associated with port supply chain and rail operations to assist in the progress and revenue generation from the left out iron ore bodies (Fortescue Metals Group Ltd (FMG.AX), 2016). Nature of Business Fortescue Metal Group is in Mining industry with net income generation in the year 2014, $2,740,000,000 (Fortescue appendix 4e financial year ended 30 June 2014, 2014). Competitive Position in the Market The group is the worlds fourth largest iron ore producer and contributes significantly in the total 15% of the global production generated from Australia. FMG only operates in Australia and has its contracts with Chinese steel mills. Its competitors Rio Tinto, Vale do Rio Doce (Vale) and BHP Billiton are domineers of the market. Rio and BHP also have their operations established outside Australia. Under the competition laws infrastructure of FMG has not been declared as open network and is also not subjected to government regulations unlike its competitors BHP and Rio, this provides them with an added cost advantage (Our Business, 2016). Mission Statement To deliver the premium value reliably to the shareholders, customers, employees and community in the mining industry by revolutionizing natural resources into prosperity and sustainable development. To become the new force in iron ore. Vision Statement To utilize our mining expertise in attaining economic advantages by developing reserves and creating partnerships along with becoming a company that adds value to the global natural resources and values people, passion and the planet. Five Competitive Forces The Five forces model identifies and analyzes the forces that are faced in the business. It is a tool that assesses the strength and weakness of a business and affects its development strategies. Bargaining Power of Suppliers- The sources of raw material and inputs are extremely crucial for a business. Suppliers enjoy a full power if theres a monopoly because of the uniqueness of the product, but this puts business in a compromising position. The suppliers can over charge the company, set their own terms and conditions. Because of the less options the business losses its bargaining power. It is suggested for the business to look for alternate resources and inputs, so that they have the powers to function in their own hands and are not controlled by the suppliers (Hill Jones, 2009). In mining industry suppliers who provide information technology, labor, equipments and power supply are in more dominant position. Power supply being the most essential and there are only few suppliers in the mining areas so it does not give much bargaining power to the company. The company usually has long term contracts with the fuel and power suppliers. Skilled labor is also one such aspect where the bargaining power of the company is compromised because of lack of availability and complex miming process requires training which incurs cost. The supplier power in the industry is moderate because the market is competitive. Bargaining Power of buyers- The business has to analyze the power that the buyers possess. If there are few buyers, the company would be dictated the terms by the buyer because they are few in numbers and would drive the price. On the other hand if there are large buyers available to the company, then the position of the company becomes strong and they can control the price and movement of the product. It also analyses the cost it would incur to convert a potential customer to an actual one (Schermerhorn, 2010). Buyer power in the industry is moderate, but in aspect of FMG, since it caters to the Chinese market and due to weaker demand because of GFC, the bargaining power of the buyer is strengthened. The pricing practices have also changed because of weak demand (Dr Cutcher, 2016). Competitor Analysis- analyzing the competitors strength and weakness and most importantly their USP. If the competitors offers the exact product then there is very little power in the hands of the business in controlling the price, but if the product of the competitor is inferior than the business can use this to its advantage. In the former case, the buyers use the variety and price differentiation to their advantage (Arline, 2015). FMG mostly caters outside Australia, but its major competitors Rio and BHP are the dominant players of the domestic market. There is intense internal rivalry in the market which is reflected by struggle to increase the market share and profitability. The company tries to cut down its operational cost and maximize returns by undertaking large scale operations (Dr Cutcher, 2016). Substitution threat- understanding the key components that how can your product is substituted in the market. If the substitution product is easy to generate, then the power of the product of the company is weak, but if the ability to substitute the product is difficult, then it gives the company and additional power to play a dominant role in the market (Porters five force of Competitive Position Analysis, 2016). The demand for iron ore is dependent on volume of steel production. It is only affected in a positive or negative aspect because heavy steel construction requires iron ore and there is not a substantial substitute available. This reduces the threat of substitution for FMG. Threats of New Industry Entrants If a new entrant enters the market, if makes an impact on the position of the company. If the entrance barriers are not strong then this may be a difficult situation for the company, as it may see increasing competition. On the other hand if the barriers are stringent then the company may enjoy this leverage (Porters Five Forces: Assessing the Balance of Power in a Business Situation, 2016) Barriers to enter the market are high because of large capital requirements. To execute operations acquiring mines on lease or purchase involves hefty capital. FMG does not have a threat because firms with limited financial assets will not enter such market. Bargaining Power of Supplier, Bargaining Power of Buyers and Competitors Analysis are prominent force for FMG. The bargaining power of the suppliers is moderate because to operate the site, heavy power supply is required, in which FMG has limited options in the choice of supplier. Skilled labor and heavy equipments also pose a problem. Power of Buyers is high because FMG caters to Chinese market and due to global economic slowdown the market has not undertaken the heavy steel construction to an upscale level; this puts FMG in a compromising position to reduce the prices and continue to be in the market. Internal rivalry and competition with international market is also another force. There is intense competition in the mining industry and FMG has not even captured a major share of it. Its competitors are strong and big players and this pose a threat to FMG. The major Resources and Capabilities of FMG Capability in the mining industry largely depends on three factors- mines, port and railways. Mines- FMG operates on two sites Christmas Creek and Cloudbreak. Its third site is under exploration. The company forecasts that they have a target mining life of 20 years and could reach an annual production of 100 million tones with its major reserves being in the former two sites. The company has adopted a relatively new mining technique than its competitors, and also innovations in the machinery have helped them improve mining rates and increase production. Rail and Port- Significant development in these two have led FMG improve its performance. Loading 10 trains in a day at a rate of 12000 tons per hour at their cloudbreak mine has been a major development. Decision to open up the port facilities to third parties has been a historic decision made by the company. FMG is a strong player because it has the resources and capabilities to cater the market and become a dominant player in the domestic as well as international market. SWOT analysis for FMG Strengths of FMG lie in its developed infrastructure mines, rail and port. Strength of the company is the adoption of new mining technique and enhancement of machinery which helps them in improving their performance and caters to more demand. The company portrayed its character strength when they allowed its port Pilbara access to third parties. The integrated port and rail system improved FMGs ability to co-ordinate its distribution and supply more effectively and to develop a reliable and cost effective infrastructure. Weakness of the company is that the operations in Pilbara can be easily disrupted by the cyclone. The weather plays an important role in the operations and to reduce the risk the company has undertaken risk mitigation. Another weakness of the company is less bargaining power with the customer, due to GFC, the market has been in favor of the buyer, and they have power in controlling the prices. Opportunities for FMG lies in creating a space for itself in the domestic market like its rivals. To capture the dominated areas of BHP and Rio, FMG has to drive low cost at Solomon hub. FMG also has the potential opportunity to cater to the growing demands in the international market. Threats of the company are considerably changes in the market regulations and market drivers. Environmental changes also play a major role. Since this industry is largely dependent on technology, its advancement could pose as a potential threat. Companies working on low-profit margin can also pose problems (The rising threat of Substitution: mining metals, 2014). The prominent threat to FMG in the above analysis is technology. A company cannot constantly deal with technological advancements because it requires huge capital investments, to deal with this threat improving the business intelligence and planning strategies in advance could help minimize the impact of this. Investing in research and development is also another way through which this threat affect could be reduced. Another prominent threat is Environmental challenges, since one of its mining operations are in Pilbara, which is highly cyclone prone area, FMG management team has to focus on risk mitigation techniques to reduce the adverse conditions (Business risk facing mining and metals 2015-2016, 2016). Conclusion The mining industry shows traits of a monopolistic behavior but due to intense competition and rivalry it can be structured as oligopoly. Rio, BHP and FMG are key players of the market. FMG has improved operations and distribution techniques which give them an edge over its competitors, but it is yet to capture the major share of the domestic market like its rivals. FMG mostly caters to Chinese market and its plans to expand its customer base with all its technological advancements are in place. With its mine-rail and port infrastructure FMG aims to become the lowest cost producer of the iron ore in Pilbara. The company is relatively a new entrant when it is compared to the rivals, who are big market players. But the performance of the company in capturing the market on the international level and delivering to its commitments has proved that the company can fulfill its goal of becoming the low cost producer of iron ore in Pilbara. References Arline, K. (2015, February 18). Porter's Five Forces: Analyzing the Competition. Retrieved 8 September, 2016 from URL https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5446-porters-five-forces.html. Business risk facing mining and metals 2015-2016. (2016) Retrieved 8 September, 2016 from https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-business-risks-in-mining-and-metals-2015-2016/$FILE/EY-business-risks-in-mining-and-metals-2015-2016.pdf Dr Cutcher, L. (2016). Fortescue Metal Group : the new force in iron ore. 8 September, 2016 from file:///C:/Users/Abasus%20Solutions/Downloads/935375_665220193_FMG%20(2).pdf Fortescue appendix 4e financial year ended 30 june 2014. (2014). Retrieved 8 September, 2016 from URL https://fmgl.com.au/media/2346/20140820-annual-results785232.pdf. Fortescue Metals Group Ltd (FMG.AX). (2016). Retrieved 8 September, 2016 from URL https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=FMG.AX. Hill, C. Jones, G. (2009). Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. [Online]. Retrieved 8 September, 2016 from URL https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CzIK9ELsyYwCpg=PA42dq=porter%27s+five+forceshl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwiu2dvBl__OAhWMvY8KHcv6AtAQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepageq=porter's%20five%20forcesf=false. Our Business. (2016). Retrieved 8 September, 2016 from URL https://fmgl.com.au/our-business/operations-map/. Porters five force of Competitive Position Analysis. (2016). Retrieved 8 September, 2016 from URL https://www.cgma.org/Resources/Tools/essential-tools/Pages/porters-five-forces.aspx?TestCookiesEnabled=redirect. Porters Five Forces: Assessing the Balance of Power in a Business Situation. (2016). Retrieved 8 September, 2016 from URL https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_08.htm. Schermerhorn, J. (2010). Exploring Management. US : John Wiley Sons Inc. The rising threat of Substitution: mining metals. (2014). Retrieved 8 September, 2016 from https://www.ey.com/GL/en/Industries/Mining---Metals/The-rising-threat-of-substitution---mining-and-metals

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The Directory, Consulate End of the French Revolution

The Directory, Consulate End of the French Revolution The Constitution of Year III With the Terror over, the French Revolutionary wars once again going in Frances favor and the stranglehold of the Parisians on the revolution broken, the National Convention began to devise a new constitution. Chief in their aims was the need for stability. The resulting constitution was approved on April 22nd and was once again begun with a declaration of rights, but this time a list of duties was also added. All male taxpayers over 21 were citizens who could vote, but in practice, the deputies were chosen by assemblies in which only citizens who owned or rented property and who paid a set sum of tax each year could sit. The nation would thus be governed by those who had a stake in it. This created an electorate of roughly a million, of which 30,000 could sit in the resulting assemblies. Elections would take place yearly, returning a third of the required deputies each time. The legislature was bicameral, being comprised of two councils. The lower Council of Five Hundred proposed all legislation but did not vote, while the upper Council of Elders, which was composed of married or widowed men over forty, could only pass or reject legislation, not propose it. Executive power lay with five Directors, which were chosen by the Elders from a list provided by the 500. One retired each year by lot, and none could be chosen from the Councils. The aim here was a series of checks and balances on power. However, the Convention also decided that two-thirds of the first set of council deputies had to be members of the National Convention. The Vendà ©miaire Uprising The two-thirds law disappointed many, further fuelling a public displeasure at the Convention which had been growing as food once again became scarce. Only one section in Paris was in favor of the law and this led to the planning of an insurrection. The Convention responded by summoning troops to Paris, which further inflamed support for the insurrection as people feared that the constitution would be forced onto them by the army. On October 4th, 1795 seven sections declared themselves insurrectionary and ordered their units of National Guard to gather ready for action, and on the 5th over 20,000 insurgents marched on the Convention. They were stopped by 6000 troops guarding vital bridges, who had been placed there by a deputy called Barras and a General called Napoleon Bonaparte. A standoff developed but violence soon ensued and the insurgents, who had been very effectively disarmed in the preceding months, were forced to retreat with hundreds killed. This failure marked the last time Parisians attempted to take charge, a turning point in the Revolution. Royalists and Jacobins The Councils soon took their seats and the first five Directors was Barras, who had helped save the constitution, Carnot, a military organizer who had once been on the Committee of Public Safety, Reubell, Letourneur and La Revellià ©re-Là ©peaux. Over the next few years, the Directors maintained a policy of vacillating between Jacobin and Royalist sides to try and negate both. When Jacobins were in the ascendant the Directors closed their clubs and rounded up terrorists and when the royalists were rising their newspapers were curbed, Jacobins papers funded and sans-culottes released to cause trouble. The Jacobins still tried to force their ideas through by planning uprisings, while the monarchists looked to the elections to gain power. For their part, the new government grew increasingly dependent on the army to maintain itself. Meanwhile, sectional assemblies were abolished, to be replaced with a new, centrally controlled body. The sectionally controlled National Guard also went, replaced with a new and centrally controlled Parisian Guard. During this period a journalist called Babeuf began calling for the abolition of private property, common ownership and the equal distribution of goods; this is believed to the first instance of full communism being advocated. The Fructidor Coup The first elections to take place under the new regime occurred in year V of the revolutionary calendar. The people of France voted against the former Convention deputies (few were re-elected), against the Jacobins, (almost none were returned) and against the Directory, returning new men with no experience instead of those the Directors favored. 182 of the deputies were now royalist. Meanwhile, Letourneur left the Directory and Barthà ©lemy took his place. The results worried both the Directors and the nation’s generals, both concerned that the royalists were growing greatly in power. On the night of September 3-4th the ‘Triumvirs’, as Barras, Reubell and La Revellià ©re-Là ©peaux were increasingly known, ordered troops to seize Parisian strong points and surround the council rooms. They arrested Carnot, Barthà ©lemy and 53 council deputies, plus other prominent royalists. Propaganda was sent out stating that there had been a royalist plot. The Fructidor Coup against the monarchists was this swift and bloodless. Two new Directors were appointed, but the council positions were left vacant. The Directory From this point on the Second Directory rigged and annulled elections to keep their power, which they now began to use. They signed the peace of Campo Formio with Austria, leaving France at war with just Britain, against whom an invasion was planned before Napoleon Bonaparte led a force to invade Egypt and threaten British interests in Suez and India. Tax and debts were revamped, with a two-thirds bankruptcy and the reintroduction of indirect taxes on, among other things, tobacco and windows. Laws against à ©migrà ©s returned, as did refractory laws, with refusals being deported. The elections of 1797 were rigged at every level to minimize royalist gains and support the Directory. Only 47 out of 96 departmental results were not altered by a scrutinizing process. This was the coup of Florà ©al and it tightened the Directors grip over the councils. However, they were to weaken their support when their actions, and the behavior of France in international politics, led to a renewal of war and the return of conscription. The  Coup of Prairial By  the start of 1799, with war, conscription and action against refractory priests dividing the nation, confidence in the Directory to bring about the much-desired peace and stability was gone. Now Sieyà ¨s, who had turned down the chance to be one of the original Directors, replaced Reubell, convinced he could effect change. Once again it became obvious the Directory would rig the elections, but their grip on the councils was waning and on June 6th the Five Hundred summoned the Directory and subjected them to an attack over its poor war  record. Sieyà ¨s was new and without blame, but the other Directors didnt know how to respond. The Five Hundred declared a permanent session until the Directory replied; they also declared that one Director, Treilhard, had risen to the post illegally and ousted him. Gohier replaced Treilhard and immediately sided with Sieyà ¨s, as Barras, always the opportunist, also did. This was followed by the Coup of Prairial where the Five Hundred, continuing their attack on the Directory, forced the remaining two Directors out. The councils had, for the first time, purged the Directory, not the other way round, pushing three out of their jobs. The Coup of Brumaire and the End of the Directory The Coup of Prairial had been masterfully orchestrated by Sieyà ¨s, who was now able to dominate the Directory, concentrating power almost wholly in his hands. However, he was not satisfied and when a Jacobin resurgence had been put down and confidence in the military once again grew he decided to take advantage and force a change in the government by use of military power. His first choice of general, the tame Jourdan, had recently died. His second, the Director Moreau, wasnt keen. His third,  Napoleon Bonaparte, arrived back in Paris on October 16th. Bonaparte was greeted with crowds celebrating his success: he was their undefeated and triumphant general and he met with Sieyà ¨s soon after. Neither liked the other, but they agreed on an alliance to force constitutional change. On November 9th Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon’s brother and president of the Five Hundred, managed to have the meeting place of the councils switched from Paris to the old royal palace at Saint-Cloud, under the pretext of freeing the councils from the – now absent – influence of Parisians. Napoleon was put in charge of the troops. The next stage occurred when the entire Directory, motivated by Sieyà ¨s, resigned, aiming to force the councils to create a provisional government. Things didn’t go quite as planned and the next day, Brumaire 18th, Napoleon’s demand to the council for constitutional change was greeted frostily; there were even calls to outlaw him. At one stage he was scratched, and the wound bled. Lucien announced to the troops outside that a Jacobin had tried to assassinate his brother, and they followed orders to clear the meeting halls of the council. Later that day a quorum was reassembled to vote, and now things did go as planned: the legislature was suspended for six weeks while a committee of deputies revised the constitution. The provisional government was to be three consuls: Ducos, Sieyà ©s, and Bonaparte. The era of the Directory was over. The Consulate The new constitution was hurriedly written under the eye of Napoleon. Citizens would now vote for a tenth of themselves to form a communal list, which in turn selected a tenth to form a departmental list. A further tenth was then chosen for a national list. From these a new institution, a senate whose powers were not defined, would choose the deputies. The legislature remained bicameral, with a lower hundred member Tribunate which discussed legislation and an upper three hundred member Legislative Body which could only vote. Draft laws now came from the government via a council of state, a throwback to the old monarchical system. Sieyà ©s had originally wanted a system with two consuls, one for internal and external matters, selected by a lifetime ‘Grand Elector’ with no other powers; he had wanted Bonaparte in this role. However Napoleon disagreed and the constitution reflected his wishes: three consuls, with the first having most authority. He was to be first consul. The constitution was finished on December 15th and voted in late December 1799 to early January 1800. It passed. Napoleon Bonapartes Rise to Power and the End of Revolution Bonaparte now turned his attention to the wars, beginning a campaign which ended with the defeat of the alliance ranged against him. The Treaty of Lunà ©ville was signed in France’s favor with Austria while Napoleon began creating satellite kingdoms. Even Britain came to the negotiating table for peace. Bonaparte thus brought the French Revolutionary Wars to a close with triumph for France. While this peace was not to last for long, by then the Revolution was over. Having at first sent out conciliatory signals to royalists he then declared his refusal to invite the king back, purged Jacobin  survivors and then began rebuilding the republic. He created a Bank of France to manage state debt and produced a balanced budget in 1802. Law and order were reinforced by the creations of special prefects in each department, the use of the army and special courts which cut into the crime epidemic in France. He also began the creation of a uniform series of laws, the Civil Code which although not finished until 1804 were around in a draft format in 1801. Having finished the wars which had divided so much of France he also ended the schism with the Catholic Church by re-establishing the Church of France and signing a concordat with the Pope. In 1802 Bonaparte purged – bloodlessly - the Tribunate and other bodies after they and the senate and its president – Sieyà ¨s – had begun to criticize him and refuse to pass laws. Public support for him was now overwhelming and with his position secure he made more reforms, including making himself consul for life. Within two years he would crown himself Emperor of France. The Revolution was over and empire would soon begin

The Presidency of The United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Presidency of The United States - Essay Example The Commander-in-chief of the US military forces is responsible for deploying, supervising and increasing the number of America’s defense forces (White House Correspondent, 2012). The other roles that President Obama has for formulating policies and obtaining his goals include negotiating treaties with other foreign dignitaries acting as the chief of state in presenting medals to military heroes and hosting formal dinners for foreign leaders to further economic and global security relationships. He is the chief diplomat who appoints competent leaders as Ambassadors to the United Nations (UN). The UN Ambassador works under the guidance and supervision of the US, and acting as a source of influence to the rest of the world. Obama travels to foreign nations to create trade relationships, and affirm the US ideologically concerning foreign affairs (White House Correspondent, 2012). ... In his leadership, President Obama has encountered hurricanes, flooding, wildfires, Japan’s and Haiti’s devastating earthquake, inflation in oil prices and a nuclear threat from Iran, and the aftermath of Japan’s earthquake. In all these devastations, Obama has made sound decisions for the greater good of humanity. During and after the great recession that began after the real estate boom in 2008, President Obama worked hard with his economic and political advisors to improve the living standards of American consumers as well as those of the rest of the essential economies that were greatly affected. He improved financial markets, passed healthcare reforms to benefit even the low income earners and proposed a tax and economic reform to increase employment, increase total revenue and improve the living standards of the US consumers.ii President Obama’s leadership style positively affects how he governs the US. During the economic crisis, many US consumers w ere in panic-mode because of home foreclosures, rise of unemployment rates and mass layoffs. Obama’s calm and assertive leadership style encouraged many Americans to hope and strive for the best in their lives because measures were being taken to improve the economy that was spiraling. President Obama avoided making hasty decisions that would put the US primacy and global economy in jeopardy. The Federal Reserve issued loans to the government to provide temporary money infusions that would jump-start the economy. People with bad credit history were given loans to repay debts such as home mortgages and credit card debts. The adjustment interest rate was lowered for debtors to repay their loans within the time stipulated when their incomes were increased. Current Economy Situation

A MULTICULTURAL VIRTUAL TEAM (slp) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A MULTICULTURAL VIRTUAL TEAM (slp) - Essay Example The different teams also bring different thoughts to the table. People from US are graduated from better colleges which impart better education, so that the ideas that they put forth are more workable and easy to follow. These days’ multi-cultural virtual teams are even more important as they save the cost of travelling and at the same time provide a means of increased globalization and enhanced thoughts. Working of the team according to the Tuckman’s Teamwork Model This report describes a multicultural virtual team that was formed for a business company based on selling market products related to cosmetics. The few things that were required of the team were: 1. to keep a market survey of the number of customers 2. to keep a market survey of the demand of the cosmetics 3. promoting the products The team took the survey and found out that score was highest in the norming section of the questionnaire. And the two highest scores were performing and norming so the team was clearly in the performing stage altogether. The team first took together members from all over the world including places like Japan, USA, KSA, UK, Canada, Pakistan, and Indonesia. The purpose of including all these teams went from very much business-like country and highly developed countries to third world countries.